NEURO

Huntington’s disease (HD) 

Motor neuron disease (MND) 

Multiple sclerosis (MS) 

Parkinson’s. 

Stroke

Multiple sclerosis (MS) 

The most prevalent neurological illness that disables young adults is MS. MS types include benign MS, primary progressive MS (PPMS), secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS).

Impairments

Numerous signs or limitations are connected to MS, although none of these which only MS possesses. There is no universally applicable pattern of symptoms, and both the length and intensity of symptoms might vary. A person with MS is not likely to experience all of the following symptoms:

• Urinary urgency 

• Urinary frequency 

• Bladder dysfunction

• Constipation 

• Faecal incontinence 

• Loss of feeling and neurological control 

• Bowel dysfunction

• Impotence, decreased desire, decreased genital sensitivity, decreased capacity to sustain an erection, absence of ejaculation, and decreased lubrication in the vaginal region are all signs of sexual dysfunction.

alterations in vision

Optic neuritis Diplopia (double vision) Nystagmus Fatigue Lassitude, or a persistent sense of exhaustion unrelated to rest and sleep Neuropathic or neurogenic pain, which is typically described as "burning, shooting, tingling, stabbing and/or hypersensitivity" Nociceptive pain or joint pain

• Executive functions such as planning, problem solving, behavioural regulation, lack of insight, apathy, and lack of desire; Memory impairment; attention deficit disorder; Processing speed; Visuospatial ability; 

Tremor, Postural Tremor, Kinetic Tremor, and Intention Tremor; Muscle Weakness; Pattern of Weakness Usually More Distal Than Proximal; Generally Greater Weakness Appearing in the Lower Limb Flexors and Upper Limb Extensors; Footdrop Impacting Mobility; Balance

Double vision, a disturbance of the visual system; impaired vestibular processing; damage to the cerebellum impairing proprioceptive output; vertigo, a transient sensation where one feels as though the world is spinning; and inner ear involvement brought on by nerve damage in the cerebellum or brainstem 

• Modified sensations: • Numbness (many patients claim to feel as though they've had a local anaesthetic); • Tingling or "electric shocks"; • Feeling of "largeness" in the extremities; • "Band-like" sensation around the chest or limb; "Burning;" • Pins and needles; An ant-like sensation under the skin

Lack of perception of hot and cold temperatures as well as momentary facial numbness 

• Depression Low mood for more than two weeks Changes in mood throughout the day Self-deprecating thoughts Irrational or illogical thinking Suicidal ideas Inability to appreciate or feel pleasure

• Behavioral and emotional adjustments

Mood fluctuations, including exhilaration, altered mood in both directions, uncontrollable (and frequently inappropriate) sobbing, lack of insight, disinhibition, a lack of initiative, and withdrawal from regular activities)

• Swallowing and communication Dysarthria, or trouble producing and understanding speech Dysphagia, or trouble swallowing

Parkinson’s 

Parkinson's disease, which affects 1 in 500 persons, is mostly a progressive movement illness. Although 65 is the average age at which symptoms first appear, 20% of newly diagnosed cases of Parkinson's are in patients under the age of 40. According to statistics, men are somewhat more prone than women to get the illness.

Impairments 

Bradykinesia, which is a slowness of movement, and rigidity are impairments

• Balance

• Hypokinesia - Loss of facial expression - Loss of arm swing - Tremor - Apparent at rest - Postural - Intention - Fine rhythmic movement of the thumb and index finger (pill rolling) - Freezing - Loss of initiation of movement - Leads to unpredictable "on" and "off" phases - Pain - Neuropathic or "nerve" pain - Nociceptive or musculoskeletal pain - Restless

• Bladder issues Nocturia (nighttime voids) Urinary urgency Urinary frequency • Sleep difficulties Excessive daytime drowsiness Poor sleep regulation Sudden beginning of sleep

The inability to move one's eyes easily, diplopia, dry eyes, and involuntary eyelid opening and shutting are symptoms of bowel issues. Constipation and difficulty emptying the stool are symptoms of weak abdominal straining.

• Dysarthria, Breathy, Nasal or Harsh Voice, Monotony with Reduced Loudness and Pitch Range, Variable Rate of Delivery of Speech, Stuttering Speech Patterns with Frequent Pauses, Short Rushes of Speech, Imprecise Consonants, Difficulty Writing, Auditory Comprehension Issues, Limited Eye Contact, Lack of Facial Expression

• Ingesting

Cognitive impairment  • Dysphagia • Saliva overproduction causing drooling • Weight loss • Fear of swallowing • A "gurgly" voice • Difficulty swallowing pills • Reduced social interaction • Recurrent chest infections • Bronchopneumonia

Cognitive fluctuations are a feature of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) (resembling a chronic confusional state)

Mild Parkinsonism Visual hallucinations

• Changes in emotions and behaviours Anxiety Depression Hallucinations

Motor neurone disease 

The term "MND" is used to refer to a number of connected disorders that affect the motor neurones. It is a terminal illness that gradually impairs one's capacity to carry out daily tasks. Although it can happen sooner or later in life, the typical age at which symptoms first appear is between 50 and 70 years.

Stumbling, foot drop, a weak grip, slurred speech, cramps, muscular atrophy, and exhaustion are common early symptoms that worsen over the course of two to five years.

TYPE;

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 

Progressive bulbar palsy 

Progressive muscular atrophy 

Progressive muscular atrophy 

Impairments 

• Muscle weakness 

• Spasticity or stiffness in the limb muscles 

• Slow and effortful movements 

• Knee and ankle jerks 

• Sudden muscle cramps 

• Loss of voluntary movement 

• Twitching and fasciculation 

• Pain • Dysarthria • Dysphagia 

• Respiratory insufficiency 

• Acute dyspnoea 

• Saliva and mucus problems 

• Fatigue • Constipation 

• Cognitive changes including executive functions and memory problems and, in some cases, frontotemporal dementia

 • Emotional and behavioural change including the following: --˚ Emotional lability ˚ Significant personality change ˚ Disinhibition and impulsivity ˚ Perseveration ˚ Change in eating behaviour (sweet food preference) ˚ Loss of emotional understanding (appear egocentric/selfish) ˚ Withdrawn (apathy/failure to initiate) ˚ Stereotyped/ritualistic behaviour ˚ Behaviour change 

Huntington’s disease 

An extension of a repetitive CAG triplet series in the huntingtin gene on chromosome 4 leads in a protein with an unusually long polyglutamine sequence, which causes HD, a hereditary neurodegenerative genetic condition.

The caudate, putamen, and, as the illness worsens, the cerebral cortex experience cell death as a result of HD. These organic alterations have a disastrous effect on the person because they cause cognitive, motor, and mental disorders. A person with HD loses the ability to regulate their movements, recall memories, make decisions, and manage their emotions as the brain cells die.

Impairments

• Chorea

Chora affects more than 90% of patients with HD. It is distinguished by 'involuntary motions that are frequently abrupt, erratic, and purposeless or semi purposeful.

Early in the disease, the movements are frequently more evident in the extremities, but as the disease advances, they include face grimacing, eyelid raising, neck, shoulder, trunk, and leg motions.

• Dystonia

A twisting quality is typically coupled with a recurrent, aberrant pattern of muscular activity.

• Bradykinesia

'Slowness of movement might include loss of facial expressivity, lack of arm swing, quick alternating motions, and gait slowness,' according to the American Physiological Society.

• Tics are short, intermittent movements, gestures, or vocalisations that can occur in people with HD. Sniffs, grunts, groans, and coughs can be caused by respiratory and vocal tics.

• Loss of motor control

 ˚ Progressive loss of voluntary motor control

 ˚ Clumsy, awkward movement

 ˚ Akinetic 

˚ Rigidity 

˚ Hyper reflexia 

˚ Extensor plantar reflexes 

• Gait impairment and falls 

˚ Slower wide‐based gait 

˚ Trunk dystonia

 ˚ Chorea

 ˚ Displaced centre of gravity 

• Communication and swallowing

 ˚ Dysarthria 

˚ Changes in speech rhythm 

˚ Voice changes, that is soft spoken or explosive

 ˚ Complete loss of speech often occurs

 ˚ Difficulties with speech initiation

 ˚ Word‐finding difficulties 

˚ Impaired breathing 

˚ Dysphagia 

˚ Aspiration 

• Bowel and bladder dysfunction

• Weight Loss 

Cognitive impairment 

˚ Attentional deficits 

˚ Speed of processing

 ˚ Memory ˚ Visuospatial abilities 

˚ Executive function 

˚ Planning

 ˚ Lack of insight 

˚ Behavioral regulation 

˚ Lack of initiation

 ˚ Perseveration 

˚ Impulse control

•Emotional and behavioral changes

 ˚ Depression

 ˚ Apathy

 ˚ Irritability

 ˚ Disinhibition 

˚ Jocularity 

•Obsessive compulsive disorder 

˚ Impaired judgement 

˚ Mania ˚ Agitation 

˚ Delirium

 ˚ Sexual disorders including loss of libido or making inappropriate sexual demands 

STROKE

Stroke is defined as a "clinical illness of presumed vascular origin, characterized by quickly increasing indications of localized or worldwide disruption of brain functioning that lasts longer than 24 hours or leads to death."

Symptoms of stroke 

The initial symptoms of stroke are 

Sudden weakness or numbness on one side of the body's face, arm, or leg.

Sudden vision loss or blurring in one or both eyes.

Sudden difficulty communicating or interpreting spoken language.

Confusion strikes suddenly.

Acute or severe headache with no obvious reason.

Dizziness, unsteadiness, or a sudden fall, especially if combined with any of the other symptoms.